Hankin and Reeves, 1988

Hankin, D. G., and G. H. Reeves. 1988. Estimating total fish abundance and total habitat area in small streams based on visual estimation methods. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 45:834-844.

We present sampling designs for estimating total areas of habitat types and total fish numbers in small streams.  Designs are applied independently within strata constructed on the basis of habitat unit type and stream reach.  Visual methods for estimating habitat areas and fish numbers are used to increase sample sizes and thereby reduce errors of estimation.  Visual estimates of area are made for all habitat units, and visual estimates of fish numbers are made for systematic samples of units within given habitat types.  Use of systematic sampling circumvents the requirement for preexisting map of habitat unit locations and simplifies selection of units.  We adjust for possible proportional bias of visual estimation methods by calibrating visual estimates against more accurate estimates made in subsamples of those units for which visual estimates are made.  In a test application of these sampling designs, correlations between visual estimates and more accurate estimates were generally high, r > 0.90.  Calculated 95% confidence bounds on errors of estimation were 13 and 16% for total areas of pools and riffles, respectively, and were 17 and 22% for total numbers of 1+ steelhead trout (Salmo gairdmeri) and juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), respectively.  Our methods appear to offer a cost-effective alternative to more traditional methods for estimating fish abundance in small streams.  In addition, visual estimation surveys can produce detailed maps of the areas and locations of all stream habitat units.