Korman and Higgins, 2002

Korman, J., and P. S. Higgins. 1997. Utility of escapement time series data for monitoring the response of salmon populations to habitat alterations. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 54:2058-2067.

We provide a quantitative examination of the utility of escapement data for monitoring changes in salmonid populations caused by habitat alterations. We used Monte Carlo simulations to determine the precision, duration of monitoring, and the effect size required to achieve acceptable statistical inferences based on before-after (BA) and before-after-control-impact (BACI) comparisons. There was generally less than a 50% chance of detecting a population response unless the population change was large (more than a twofold increase) or the post-treatment monitoring period long (>10 years). Statistical power was improved by increasing the precision of escapement estimates, but the extent of improvement was dependent on the magnitude of population response to treatment, the duration of monitoring, and the extent of natural variability in abundance. BACI comparisons generally had a 10–15% lower probability of detecting a population
change than BA comparisons unless the degree of covariation in survival rates between control and treatment stocks was very strong. Autocorrelation in error, simulating patterns of high and low survival rates over time, generally reduced power by 5–15%. Our results identify the conditions where escapement information can be used to make reliable inferences on salmonid population changes and provides a means for evaluating alternative monitoring designs.