Larsen et al. 2008

Larsen, D. P., A. R. Olsen, and D. L. Stevens, Jr. 2008. Using a Master Sample to integrate stream monitoring programs. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 13(3):243-254.

    The need for aquatic resource condition surveys at scales that are too extensive to census has increased in recent years.  Statistically designed sample surveys are intended to meet this need. Simple or stratified random sampling or systematic survey designs are often used to obtain a representative set of sites for data collection. However, such designs have limitations when applied to spatially distributed natural resources, like stream networks. Stevens and Olsen proposed a design that overcomes the key limitations of simple, stratified random or systematic designs by selecting a spatially balanced sample. The outcome of a spatially balanced sample is an ordered list of sampling locations with spatial distribution that balances the advantages of simple or stratified random samples or systematic samples. This approach can be used to select a sample of sites for particular studies to meet specific objectives. This approach can also be used to select a “master sample” from which subsamples can be drawn for particular needs. At the same time, these individual samples can be incorporated into a broader design that facilitates integrated monitoring and data sharing.